Lesson 10

The purpose of this warm-up is for students to reason about square roots by estimating the value of each expression. The values given as choices are close in range to encourage students to use the square roots they know to help them estimate ones they do not. These understandings will be helpful for students in upcoming activities where they will be applying the Pythagorean Theorem.

While four problems are given, it may not be possible to share every strategy. Consider gathering only two or three different strategies per problem.

Display one problem at a time. Give students 30 seconds of quiet think time for each problem and ask them to give a signal when they have an answer and a strategy. Keep all previous problems displayed throughout the talk. Follow with a whole-class discussion.

Ask students to share their strategies for each problem. Record and display their responses for all to see. After each student shares, ask if their chosen estimate is more or less than the actual value of each expression.

The purpose of this activity is for students to use the Pythagorean Theorem to reason about distances and speeds to figure out who will win a race. Students must translate between the context and the geometric representation of the context and back (MP2). Identify students whose work is clearly labeled and organized to share during the whole-class discussion.

Arrange students in groups of 2. Provide students with access to calculators. Ask students to read and answer the first problem and then give a signal when they have done so. Next, poll the class to see who students think will win the race and post the results of the poll for all to see. Select 2–3 students to share why they chose who they chose. The conversation should illuminate a few key points: Mai travels farther than Tyler, but she is also going faster, so it is not immediately clear who will win.

Give 2 minutes of quiet work time for the second problem, followed by partner and then whole-class discussions.

Some students may rush through reading the problem and mix up who is traveling which path at what speed. Encourage these students to label the relevant distances and information on the diagram.

The purpose of this discussion is for students to share how they organized their work for the problem and see how accurate students’ predictions at the start of the activity were. Select 1–2 previously identified students to share their work. Directly draw attention to how careful labeling of provided figures and organization of calculations when problems have multiple steps helps to both solve problems and identify errors. For example, in problems where multiple calculations are completed using a calculator, it is easy to copy an incorrect number, such as writing 14,600 instead of 16,400 for the sum \(100^2+80^2\).

The purpose of this task is for students to use the Pythagorean Theorem to calculate which rectangular prism has the longer diagonal length. To complete the activity, students will need to picture or sketch the right triangles necessary to calculate the diagonal length.

Identify groups using well-organized strategies to calculate the diagonals. For example, for Prism K some groups may draw in the diagonal on the bottom face of the cube and label it with an unknown variable, such as \(s\), to set up the calculation for the diagonal as \(\sqrt{6^2+s^2}\). Students would then know that to finish this calculation, they would need to find the value of \(s\), which is can be done using the edge lengths of the face of the prism \(s\) is drawn on.

The idea that the Pythagorean Theorem might be applied several times in order to find a missing length is taken even further in the extension, where students can apply it over a dozen times, hopefully noticing some repeated reasoning along the way, in order to find the last length.

Arrange students in groups of 2. Provide access to calculators. Ask students to read and consider the first problem and then give a signal when they have done so. If possible, use an actual rectangular prism, such as a small box, to help students understand what length the diagonal shows in the image. Once students understand what the first problem is asking, poll the class to see which prism they think has the longer diagonal and post the results of the poll for all to see. Select 2–3 students to share why they chose the prism they did. The conversation should illuminate a few key points: Prism K has one edge with length 6 units, which is longer than any of the edges of Prism L, but it also has a side of length 4 units, which is shorter than any of the edges of Prism L. Prism K also has a smaller volume than Prism L.

Give 1 minute of quiet think time for students to brainstorm how they will calculate the lengths of each diagonal. Ask partners to discuss their strategies before starting their calculations. Follow with a whole-class discussion.

Ask groups to share how they calculated the diagonal of one of the rectangular prisms. Display the figures in the activity for all to see and label the them while groups share.

If time allows and no groups pointed out how the diagonal length of the rectangular prisms are the square root of the sum of the squares of the three edge lengths, use Prism K and the calculations students shared to do so. For example, to calculate the diagonal of Prism K, students would have to calculate \(\sqrt{6^2+\left(\sqrt{41}\right)^2}\), but \(\sqrt{41}\) is from \(\sqrt{5^2+4^2}\) which means the diagonal length is really \(\sqrt{6^2+5^2+4^2}\) since \(\sqrt{6^2+\left(\sqrt{41}\right)^2}=\sqrt{6^2+\left(\sqrt{5^2+4^2}\right)^2}=\sqrt{6^2+5^2+4^2}\). So, for a rectangular prism with sides \(d\), \(e\), and \(f\), the length of the diagonal of the prism is just \(\sqrt{d^2+e^2+f^2}\).