Lesson 16

Dividing Rational Numbers

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16.1: Tell Me Your Sign (5 minutes)

CCSS Standards


Building On

Building Towards

Routines and Materials


Instructional Routines

Warm-up

For this warm-up students use what they have learned about multiplication and division with rational numbers to answer questions about the solution to an equation.

Launch

Arrange students in groups of 2. Give students 1 minute of quiet think time and ask them to discuss their reasoning with a partner. Follow with a whole-class discussion.

Student Facing

Consider the equation:   \(\text- 27x = \text- 35\)

Without computing:

  1. Is the solution to this equation positive or negative?
  2. Are either of these two numbers solutions to the equation?

    \(\displaystyle \frac{35}{27}\)

    \(\displaystyle \text-\frac{35 }{ 27}\)

Student Response

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Activity Synthesis

Ask students to share their reasoning.

16.2: Multiplication and Division (10 minutes)

CCSS Standards


Addressing

Routines and Materials


Instructional Routines

Activity

The purpose of this activity is to understand that the division facts for rational numbers are simply a consequence of the multiplication done previously. Students work several numerical examples relating multiplication to division, and then articulate a rule for the sign of a quotient based on the signs of the dividend and divisor (MP8).

Monitor for students who identify and describe the rule clearly.

Launch

Remind students that we can rearrange division equations to be multiplication equations, and vice versa. It may be useful to demonstrate with positive numbers if students struggle to recall this. For example, ask how we could rewrite \(10 \div 2 = 5\) as a multiplication equation. Students can also reference the multiplication table from a previous lesson, if needed.

 Arrange students in groups of 2. Give students 4 minute of quiet work time followed by 2 minutes of partner discussion, then follow with whole-class discussion.

Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence. Connect a new concept to one with which students have experienced success. For example, reference examples from the previous lesson on signed multiplication to provide an entry point into this activity.
Supports accessibility for: Social-emotional skills; Conceptual processing
Reading: MLR6 Three Reads. Use this routine to support students’ reading comprehension of the final question. In the first read, students read the text with the goal of understanding what the situation is about (e.g., Han and Clare are walking toward each other). In the second read, ask students to name the important quantities (e.g., Han’s velocity, Clare’s velocity, each person's distance from 0 in feet, elapsed time in seconds). After the third read, ask students to brainstorm possible strategies to determine where each person will be 10 seconds before they meet up, and when each person will be \(-10\) feet from the meeting place. This will help students connect the language in the word problem with the reasoning needed to solve the problem.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making

Student Facing

  1. Find the missing values in the equations

    1. \(\text-3 \boldcdot 4 = \text{?}\)

    2. \(\text-3 \boldcdot \text{?} = 12\)

    3. \(3 \boldcdot \text{?} = 12\)

    4. \(\text{?} \boldcdot \text-4 = 12\)

    5. \(\text{?} \boldcdot 4 = \text-12\)

  2. Rewrite the unknown factor problems as division problems.

  3. Complete the sentences. Be prepared to explain your reasoning.

    1. The sign of a positive number divided by a positive number is always:

    2. The sign of a positive number divided by a negative number is always:

    3. The sign of a negative number divided by a positive number is always:

    4. The sign of a negative number divided by a negative number is always:

  4. Han and Clare walk towards each other at a constant rate, meet up, and then continue past each other in opposite directions. We will call the position where they meet up 0 feet and the time when they meet up 0 seconds.

    • Han's velocity is 4 feet per second.

    • Clare's velocity is -5 feet per second.

    1. Where is each person 10 seconds before they meet up?

    2. When is each person at the position -10 feet from the meeting place?

Student Response

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Student Facing

Are you ready for more?

It is possible to make a new number system using only the numbers 0, 1, 2, and 3. We will write the symbols for multiplying in this system like this: \(1 \otimes 2 = 2\). The table shows some of the products.

\(\otimes\) 0 1 2 3
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 3
2 0 2
3
  1. In this system, \(1 \otimes 3 = 3\) and \(2 \otimes 3 = 2\). How can you see that in the table?
  2. What do you think \(2 \otimes 1\) is?
  3. What about \(3\otimes 3\)?
  4. What do you think the solution to \(3\otimes n = 2\) is?
  5. What about \(2\otimes n = 3\)?

Student Response

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Anticipated Misconceptions

Have students refer to their previous work with signed multiplication to help them with the division statements.

Activity Synthesis

Select students who can articulate and explain what they have learned about the sign of a quotient based on the signs of the dividend and divisor (note that students do not need to use these words, they can just give examples). Highlight that the division facts are simply a consequence of the multiplication done previously. Moving forward, we are going to take these facts to be true for all rational numbers.

16.3: Drilling Down (10 minutes)

CCSS Standards


Addressing

Routines and Materials


Instructional Routines

Activity

The purpose of this activity is to use the new skills of multiplying and dividing rational numbers to represent and solve problems in a new context (MP4). In this activity students are using using multiplication and division of negatives and working with a proportional relationship with a negative constant of proportionality. Students should use what they know about proportional relationships to help them (for example; points lie on a straight line, line passes through zero, there is a point \((1, k)\) that lies on the line).

Launch

Remind students that we can model positions below the surface with negative values, so drilling 30 feet down is represented with -30 feet.

Ask students what they remember about proportional relationships. Examples:

  • Often represented with an equation in the form \(y=kx\).
  • The constant of proportionality, often called \(k\), is the change in \(y\) for a change by 1 in \(x\).
  • A graph representing a proportional relationship is a line through (0,0) and \((1,k)\)

Arrange students in groups of 3 during the discussion.

Representation: Internalize Comprehension. Provide appropriate reading accommodations and supports to ensure students have access to written directions, word problems and other text-based content.
Supports accessibility for: Language; Conceptual processing

Student Facing

A water well drilling rig has dug to a height of -60 feet after one full day of continuous use.

  1. Assuming the rig drilled at a constant rate, what was the height of the drill after 15 hours?
  2. If the rig has been running constantly and is currently at a height of -147.5 feet, for how long has the rig been running?
  3. Use the coordinate grid to show the drill’s progress.

  4. At this rate, how many hours will it take until the drill reaches -250 feet?
Image of a water well drilling rig.

Student Response

Teachers with a valid work email address can click here to register or sign in for free access to Student Response.

Launch

Remind students that we can model positions below the surface with negative values, so drilling 30 feet down is represented with -30 feet.

Ask students what they remember about proportional relationships. Examples:

  • Often represented with an equation in the form \(y=kx\).
  • The constant of proportionality, often called \(k\), is the change in \(y\) for a change by 1 in \(x\).
  • A graph representing a proportional relationship is a line through (0,0) and \((1,k)\)

Arrange students in groups of 3 during the discussion.

Representation: Internalize Comprehension. Provide appropriate reading accommodations and supports to ensure students have access to written directions, word problems and other text-based content.
Supports accessibility for: Language; Conceptual processing

Student Facing

A water well drilling rig has dug to a height of -60 feet after one full day of continuous use.

  1. Assuming the rig drilled at a constant rate, what was the height of the drill after 15 hours?

  2. If the rig has been running constantly and is currently at a height of -147.5 feet, for how long has the rig been running?

  3. Use the coordinate grid to show the drill’s progress.
    A coordinate grid. 
  4. At this rate, how many hours will it take until the drill reaches -250 feet?
Image of a water well drilling rig.

 

Student Response

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Anticipated Misconceptions

Some students may struggle to get the length of time out of the phrase "one full day of continuous use," wondering whether the drill was running at night. Let them know the drill has been going for 24 hours.

Activity Synthesis

Have students to share their solutions with each other in groups of three and work to come to agreement.

To wrap up, emphasize that because we can now complete any calculation with any rational number, we can extend constants of proportionality \(k\) to include negative values. Because the operations are now well-defined, we can answer questions using such a constant.

Speaking: MLR8 Discussion Supports. Use this routine to support whole-class discussion. Invite select groups to share their solution and reasoning with the class. After each group presents, ask students to restate and/or revoice what they heard using mathematical language. Consider providing students time to restate what they heard to a partner, before selecting one or two students to share with the class. Ask the original group if this accurately reflects their thinking. This will provide more students with an opportunity to describe what they have learned about proportional relationships with a negative constant of proportionality.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making

Lesson Synthesis

Lesson Synthesis

Key takeaways:

  • Recall that we can write a division problem as a multiplication problem.
  • A positive divided by a negative is negative.
  • A negative divided by a positive is negative.
  • A negative divided by a negative is positive.

Discussion questions:

  • What kind of number do you get when you divide a negative number by a positive number? Use a multiplication equation to explain why this makes sense.
  • What kind of number do you get when you divide a negative number by a negative number? Use a multiplication equation to explain why this makes sense.

16.4: Cool-down - Matching Division Expressions (5 minutes)

CCSS Standards


Addressing

Cool-Down

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Student Lesson Summary

Student Facing

Any division problem is actually a multiplication problem:

  • \(6 \div 2 = 3\) because \(2 \boldcdot 3 = 6\)
  • \(6 \div \text- 2 = \text-3\) because \(\text-2 \boldcdot \text-3 = 6\)
  • \(\text-6 \div 2 = \text-3\) because \(2 \boldcdot \text-3 = \text-6\)
  • \(\text-6 \div \text-2 = 3\) because \(\text-2 \boldcdot 3 = \text-6\)

Because we know how to multiply signed numbers, that means we know how to divide them.

  • The sign of a positive number divided by a negative number is always negative.
  • The sign of a negative number divided by a positive number is always negative.
  • The sign of a negative number divided by a negative number is always positive.

A number that can be used in place of the variable that makes the equation true is called a solution to the equation. For example, for the equation \(x \div \text-2 = 5\), the solution is -10, because it is true that \(\text-10 \div \text-2 = 5\).